Diabetic pregnancy can present some particular risks for both mother and child, and requires utmost care. Prenatal child morbidity in mothers with type 1 or 2 is threefold compared to general population. The presence of late complications has a marked effect on the course of pregnancy. Diabetic nephropathy may lead to premature birth. Diabetic retinopathy affects 20–27 % of women in productive age. Women with microaneurysms on eye background have a 10–15% risk of an impaired ophthalmologic finding during pregnancy. Contraindications during pregnancy include macroangiopathy of coronary vessels and lower extremities, nephropathy with creatinin levels above 140 µmol/l, clearance below 40 ml/min, and hypertension treated with three or more antihypertensive drugs, untreated prolipherative retinopathy, severe autonomous GIT neuropathy (gastroparesis). Emphasis is to be put on planned parenthood and expert team work during the therapy and follow-up of pregnant mothers with diabetes. Case studies have demonstrated relationship between diabetic complications and the course of pregnancies in patients with diabetes.

Key words: late diabetic complications, pregnancy, perinatal mortality and morbidity

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are regularly examined for their eye status in the Clinic of pediatric ophthalmology of DFNsP and LF UK in Bratislava. 435 pediatric patients were examined in 2008. 428 patients had type 1 diabetes mellitus and 7 patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) was diagnosed in only 18 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Key words: diabetic retinopathy in children, monitoring, treatment, follow-up recommendations

This paper analyses the attitude of both patient and ophthalmologist towards diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus type I. Distinct attitudes are illustrated on 4 case reports. The first patient cooperated with her ophthalmologist both before and during the childbirth. Afterwards the finding was stable and the visual acuity fair. The second patient was seeing his ophthalmologist quite regularly for a common examination of ocular fundus, but due to a remarkable loss of visual acuity in one eye came to our department. The third patient didn’t follow any treatment and was badly compensated. His diabetic retinopathy deteriorated rapidly despite intensive ophthalmic care. The fourth patient was supervised regularly since 1973 and underwent a photocoagulation therapy and a pars plana vitrectomy in 2000. Although she sees her specialist for regular check-ups, after 37 years of treatment and relatively good compensation of diabetes mellitus complications still occur. 

Key words: diabetic retinopathy, visual acuity, retinal photocoagulation, compensation of diabetes mellitus, patient-physician cooperation

Long-acting insulin analogues represent a modern way of treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) and as more than one basal insulin analogues are available their comparison can’t be sooner or later avoided. Several papers comparing two insulin analogues have been recently published considering the insulin glargine to be a long-acting analogue which, compared to insulin detemir, requires smaller doses to achieve a comparable compensation of the diabetes (Hollander et al. 2008; Rosenstock et al. 2008; Swinnen et al. 2009). The paper provides a comparison of the compensation of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the amount of used doses of insulin glargine and detemir in the same patient. 

Key words: long-acting insulin analogues, compensation of diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia

We present a case report of a 42 year old man examined by the endocrinologist for gynaecomastia.
Peripheral hypogonadism was proved in lab tests. Clinical manifestation was suspicious from
Klinefelter´s syndrome which was later confirmed by genetic test (karyotype). We would like to
inform about in population quite widely distributed genetic syndrome the diagnose of which was
successfully performed due to gynaecomastia as a leasing symptome. 

Key words:  Klinefelter’s syndrome, peripheral hypogonadism, gynaecomastia

The author presents a case history of a seven years old boy, referred to a consultation for recurrent sideropenic anemia. His small growth was apparent at the first consultation; he was as tall as his 2.5 years younger brother. A combination of sideropenia and growth retardation was suspicious of a chronic disease, which was confirmed by laboratory screening, which detected positive antibodies against endomysium and transglutaminase. The boy was diagnosed with celiac disease and referred to further follow up at the gastroenterology out-patient. 

Key words: growth retardation, sideropenia, celiac disease